Glutamine (Glu or E)

Amino acid-Functions-Glutamine

Oxidative substrate for immune cells and IECs
A precursor for glutamate/GSH
Intestinal growth, structure, and function (young animals and disease states)
Supports proliferative rates and reduces apoptosis of IECs
Protects against E.coli/LPS-induced damage to the intestinal structure and barrier function
Lowers inflammatory and increases immunoregulatory cytokine production
Improves the proliferative responses of IELs and MLN cells
Intestinal IgA levels
Increases lymphocyte numbers in PP, lamina propria, and IELs

Glutamine:

Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is a non-essential amino acid.

Glutamine Synthetase:

Most tissues, including muscle, have glutamine synthetase, which captures excess nitrogen by aminating glutamate to form glutamine. The reaction is irreversible. Glutamine, a relatively nontoxic substance, is the major carrier of excess nitrogen from tissues.
Glutamine synthase converts NH3 to nontoxic glutamine. Glutaminase releases NH3 for use in urea synthesis.

Glutaminase:

The kidney contains glutaminase, allowing it to deaminate glutamine arriving in the blood and to eliminate the amino group as ammonium ion in urine. The reaction is irreversible.
Kidney glutaminase is induced by chronic acidosis, in which excretion of ammonium may become the major defense mechanism. The liver has only small quantities of glutaminase; however, levels of the enzyme are high in the intestine where the ammonium ion from deamination can be sent directly to the liver via the portal blood and used for urea synthesis.
The intestinal bacteria and glutamine from dietary protein contribute to the intestinal ammonia entering the portal blood.

Aminotransferases (Transaminases):

Both muscle and liver have aminotransferases, which, unlike deaminases, do not release the amino groups as free ammonium ion. This class of enzymes transfers the amino group from one carbon skeleton (an amino acid) to another (usually a-ketoglutarate, a citric acid cycle intermediate). Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) derived from vitamin B6 is required to mediate the transfer.
Aminotransferases are named according to the amino acid donating the amino group to a-ketoglutarate. Two important examples are alanine aminotransferase (ALT, formerly GPT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, formerly GOT). Although the aminotransferases are in liver and muscle, in pathologic conditions these enzymes may leak into the blood, where they are useful clinical indicators of damage to liver or muscle.

Glutamate Dehydrogenase:

This enzyme is found in many tissues, where it catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of the amino acid glutamate. It produces the citric acid cycle intermediate a-ketoglutarate, which serves as an entry point to the cycle for a group of glucogenic amino acids. Its role in urea synthesis and nitrogen removal is still controversial.

Uses:

Calming effect, its made into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
In 1 person in 10, glutamine can act as a stimulant because it can be made into glutamic acid, which sends signals that excite the nerves rather than calming them. The worst that can happen is a restless night's sleep.
Wound healing-Boosts depressed immunity.
Breaking addictions to caffeine and other stimulants.
May also help treat diarrhea that is caused by gluten intolerance, Crohn's disease, AIDS, knowing within 3 days if it is working.

Cancer cells:

Like an acidic environment and glutamine help shift the body chemistry in the other direction, an alkaline environment.

Glutamic Acid:

May relieve symptoms of a type of prostate problem in men called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

D-Glutamine:

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

Glutamine transport Related Genes:

SLC1A4
SLC38A1

L-Glutamine SNPs:

rs769395 GAD1 (GAD) A48604A G
rs2241165 GAD1 (GAD) C10180T C
rs3828275 GAD1 (GAD) C14541T T
rs2241164 GAD1 (GAD) C18360T T
rs12185692 GAD1 (GAD) C2627A A
rs701492 GAD1 (GAD) C34281T C
rs769407 GAD1 (GAD) G25509C C
rs3791850 GAD1 (GAD) G39901A A
rs3791878 GAD1 (GAD) G3992T T
rs3749034 GAD1 (GAD) G5276A A
rs2058725 GAD1 (GAD) T21922C C
rs3791851 GAD1 (GAD) T30473C C
rs1805398 GAD2 (GAD) G26474809T G

Glutamic Acid is Found in These Foods: Concentration (per 100 grams)

Cottonseed 12476 g
Sunflower 11770 g
Sesame 11182 g
Bearded seal 11041 g
Peanut 10908 g
whales 9595 g
Fish 9378 g
Soybean 9106 g
White lupine 8686 g
Spirulina 8386 g
Wheat 8200 mg
Safflower 8145 g
Whitefish 8100 g
Boars 7625 g
Whelk 7339 g
Almond 6810 g
Chicken (Cock, Hen, Rooster) 6762 g
Smelt 6660 g
Cucurbita (Gourd) 6188 g
Butternut 6084 g
Peanut 6000 mg
boars 5900 mg
Almond 5700 mg
Flaxseed 5600 mg
Bison 5502 g
Rabbit 5297 g
White mustard 5265 g
Breadnut tree seed 5206 g
sheep 5167 g
Black walnut 5152 g
Deer 5090 g
turkey 5067 g
Pigeon pea 5031 g
Wheat 5017 g
Deer 5005 g
Sesame 5000 mg
Beaver 4980 g
Common wheat 4946 g
European rabbit 4874 g
Oriental wheat 4839 g
Hard wheat 4743 g
Moose 4739 g
reindeer 4673 g
Greater sturgeon 4658 g
Spelt 4651 g
Buffalo 4645 g
Yardlong bean 4608 g
Poppy 4600 mg
Greylag goose 4533 g
Duck 4512 g
Sockeye salmon 4510 g
Cashew nut 4506 g
birds 4502 g
Spiny lobster 4496 g
Northern bluefin tuna 4464 g
Broad bean 4437 g
fish 4429 g
Mule deer 4427 g
cuttlefish 4417 g
Lentils 4400 mg
Chives 4386 g
Thunnus (Common tuna) 4349 g
European anchovy 4312 g
Opium poppy 4299 g
Mung bean 4264 g
Skipjack tuna 4210 g
Mung bean 4200 mg
Common pea 4196 g
Yellowfin tuna 4168 g
Squirrel 4160 g
Gram bean 4126 g
horses 4101 g
Cashew nut 4100 mg
Chicken (Cock, Hen, Rooster) 4100 mg
Hazelnut 4100 mg
fish 4085 g
Pistachio 4062 g
octopus 4056 g
Triticale 4048 g
Flaxseed 4039 g
Snow crab 4038 g
Winged bean 4010 g
Lentils 4002 g
shrimp 4001 g
Pistachio 4000 mg
Fenugreek 3988 g
Salmonidae (Salmon, Trout) 3975 g
Albacore tuna 3961 g
Milkfish 3929 g
Snapper 3925 g
Cichlidae (Tilapia) 3920 g
Sheepshead 3884 g
King mackerel 3881 g
Hyacinth bean 3880 g
Common bean 3862 g
Chum salmon 3854 g
Perciformes (Perch-like fishes) 3841 g
fish 3839 g
Bluefish 3835 g
Muskrat 3832 g
Haddock 3800 mg
Dungeness crab 3800 g
fish 3797 g
Hippoglossus (Common halibut) 3774 g
Haddock 3766 g
Oat 3748 g
Hazelnut 3728 g
Atlantic pollock 3721 g
fish 3719 g
Bivalvia (Clam, Mussel, Oyster) 3714 g
Pumpkinseed sunfish 3713 g
Percoidei (Bass and others) 3711 g
Grouper 3709 g
Orange roughy 3706 g
fish 3703 g
Burbot 3696 g
Parsley 3688 g
Esox lucius 3685 g
Atlantic herring 3674 g
Walleye 3663 g
Tilefish 3655 g
Common ling 3634 g
Cusk 3634 g
Stenotomus chrysops 3613 g
Catfish 3610 g
birds 3603 g
Crab 3600 mg
Greylag goose 3600 mg
Rabbit 3600 mg
Lotus 3570 g
Atlantic mackerel 3559 g
Pacific rockfish 3545 g
Spot croaker 3543 g
Dolphin fish 3541 g
Florida pompano 3536 g
Eel 3530 g
Swordfish 3525 g
Spanish mackerel 3521 g
Alaska pollock 3506 g
Whiting 3505 g
birds 3500 mg
Gadus (Common cod) 3500 mg
Chia 3500 g
Pink salmon 3487 g
Pacific jack mackerel 3462 g
Cyprinus carpio 3413 g
Guinea hen 3407 g
Marine mussel 3400 mg
shrimp 3400 mg
shrimp 3400 mg
Crabs 3396 g
Striped bass 3393 g
Lingcod 3380 g
Chickpea 3375 g
Rainbow smelt 3374 g
Freshwater drum 3357 g
Atlantic wolffish 3349 g
Teff 3349 g
American butterfish 3307 g
Common pea 3300 mg
Red king crab 3300 g
Brazil nut 3300 mg
Emu 3287 g
Barley 3261 g
American shad 3240 g
mussels 3238 g
White sucker 3208 g
Seatrout 3204 g
Chickpea 3200 mg
Common bean 3200 mg
Ocean pout 3185 g
Caraway 3169 g
Brazil nut 3147 g
Rye 3139 g
Pacific herring 3137 g
Shark 3131 g
Norway lobster 3100 mg
Atlantic halibut 3100 mg
Clawed lobster 3100 mg

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