Citations

Amino Acids:

    • Doolittle RF: Reconstructing history with amino acid sequences. Protein Sci 1992;1:191.
    • Gladyschev VN, Hatfield DL: Selenocysteine-containing proteins in mammals. J Biomed Sci 1999;6:151.
    • Kreil G: d-Amino acids in animal peptides. Annu Rev Biochem 1997;66:337.
    • Nokihara K, Gerhardt J: Development of an improved automated gas-chromatographic chiral analysis system: application to nonnatural amino acids and natural protein hydrolysates. Chirality 2001;13:431.
    • Sanger F: Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu Rev Biochem 1988;57:1.
    • Stadtman TC: Selenocysteine. Annu Rev Biochem 1996;65:83.
    • Wilson NA et al: Aspartic acid 26 in reduced Escherichia coli thioredoxin has a pKa greater than 9. Biochemistry 1995;34:8931.
    • Scriver CR et al (editors): The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
    • Brown KM, Arthur JR: Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: a review. Public Health Nutr 2001;4:593.
    • Combs GF, Gray WP: Chemopreventive agents—selenium. Pharmacol Ther 1998;79:179.
    • Mercer LP, Dodds SJ, Smith DI: Dispensable, indispensable, and conditionally indispensable amino acid ratios in the diet. In:Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids. Friedman M (editor). CRC Press, 1989.
    • Nordberg J et al: Mammalian thioredoxin reductase is irreversibly inhibited by dinitrohalobenzenes by alkylation of both the redox active selenocysteine and its neighboring cysteine residue. J Biol Chem 1998;273:10835.
    • Scriver CR et al (editors): The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
    • St Germain DL, Galton VA: The deiodinase family of selenoproteins. Thyroid 1997;7:655.
    • Brooks P et al: Subcellular localization of proteasomes and their regulatory complexes in mammalian cells. Biochem J 2000;346:155.
    • Curthoys NP, Watford M: Regulation of glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1995;15:133.
    • Hershko A, Ciechanover A: The ubiquitin system. Annu Rev Biochem 1998;67:425.
    • Iyer R et al: The human arginases and arginase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998;21:86.
    • Lim CB et al: Reduction in the rates of protein and amino acid catabolism to slow down the accumulation of endogenous ammonia: a strategy potentially adopted by mudskippers during aerial exposure in constant darkness. J Exp Biol 2001;204:1605.
    • Patejunas G et al: Evaluation of gene therapy for citrullinaemia using murine and bovine models. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998;21:138.
    • Pickart CM. Mechanisms underlying ubiquitination. Annu Rev Biochem 2001;70:503.
    • Scriver CR et al (editors): The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
    • Tuchman M et al: The biochemical and molecular spectrum of ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998;21:40.
    • Turner MA et al: Human argininosuccinate lyase: a structural basis for intragenic complementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:9063.

Alanine:

    • Dawson, R.M.C., et al., Data for Biochemical Research, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1959.
    • "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
    • Doolittle, R. F. (1989), "Redundancies in protein sequences", in Fasman, G. D., Prediction of Protein Structures and the Principles of Protein Conformation, New York: Plenum, pp. 599–623, ISBN 0-306-43131-9.
    • Mathews, Christopher K., (2000). Biochemistry. Van Holde, K. E., Ahern, Kevin G. (3rd ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0805330666. OCLC 42290721.
    • Yoshimura, Tohru; Nishikawa, Toru; Homma, Hiroshi (2016-08-25). D-Amino Acids: Physiology, Metabolism, and Application. Springer. ISBN 9784431560777.
    • Strecker, A. (1850). "Ueber die künstliche Bildung der Milchsäure und einen neuen, dem Glycocoll homologen" [On the artificial formation of lactic acid and a new substance homologous to glycine]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 75 (1): 27–45. doi:10.1002/jlac.18500750103. Strecker names alanine on p. 30.
    • Strecker, A. (1854). "Ueber einen neuen aus Aldehyd – Ammoniak und Blausäure entstehenden Körper" [On a new substance arising from acetaldehyde–ammonia [i.e., 1-aminoethanol] and hydrocyanic acid]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 91 (3): 349–351. doi:10.1002/jlac.18540910309.
    • "Alanine".
    • "alanine". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
    • Textbook of Biotechnology. McGraw-Hill Education (I). 2012. ISBN 9780071070072.
    • 3-Phosphino-L-alanine at Chemspider
    • https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6330801
    • Park, Sheldon J.; Cochran, Jennifer R. (2009-09-25). Protein Engineering and Design. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420076592.
    • Kendall, E. C.; McKenzie, B. F. (1929). "dl-Alanine". Organic Syntheses. 9: 4.; Collective Volume, 1, p. 21.
    • http://drugsynthesis.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/laboratory-synthesis-of-l-alanine.html
    • Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005), Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 684–85, ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.
    • Fish Physiology: Nitrogen Excretion. Academic Press. 2001-09-07. p. 23. ISBN 9780080497518.
    • Walsh, Patrick J.; Wright, Patricia A. (1995-08-31). Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849384110.
    • "Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase Predicts New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Independently of Classical Risk Factors, Metabolic Syndrome, and C-Reactive Protein in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study".
    • Zagórski, Z. P.; Sehested, K. (1998), "Transients and stable radical from the deamination of α-alanine", J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 232 (1–2): 139–41, doi:10.1007/BF02383729.
    • Pedro,, Andreo, (2017). Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry. Burns, David T.,, Nahum, Alan E.,, Seuntjens, Jan P.,, Attix, Frank H., (2nd ed.). Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH. p. 547. ISBN 9783527808236. OCLC 990023546.

Arginine:

    • Wikepedia
    • "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
    • IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology etc. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
    • Glasel, Jay A.; Deutscher, Murray P. (1995-11-20). Introduction to Biophysical Methods for Protein and Nucleic Acid Research. Academic Press. p. 456. ISBN 9780080534985.
    • Tapiero H, Mathé G, Couvreur P, Tew KD (November 2002). "L-Arginine". (review). Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 56 (9): 439–445. doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00284-6.
    • Wu G, Jaeger LA, Bazer FW, Rhoads JM (Aug 2004). "Arginine deficiency in preterm infants: biochemical mechanisms and nutritional implications". (review). The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 15 (8): 442–51. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.11.010. PMID 15302078.
    • "Drugs and Supplements Arginine". Retrieved 15 January 2015.
    • Skipper, Annalynn (1998). Dietitian's Handbook of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 76. ISBN 9780834209206.
    • Apel, Frank (July 2015). "Biographie von Ernst Schulze" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-11-06.
    • Schulze, Ernst; Steiger, Ernst (1887). "Ueber das Arginin". Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. 11 (1–2): 43–65.
    • Ignarro, Louis J. (2000-09-13). Nitric Oxide: Biology and Pathobiology. Academic Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780080525037.
    • Borlase, Bradley C. (1994). Enteral Nutrition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 48. ISBN 9780412984716.
    • Freedland, Richard Allan; Briggs, Stephanie (2012-12-06). A Biochemical Approach to Nutrition. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 45. ISBN 9789400957329.
    • Nutrient Requirements of Dogs. National Academies Press. 1985. p. 65. ISBN 9780309034968.
    • Wortinger, Ann; Burns, Kara (2015-06-11). Nutrition and Disease Management for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses. John Wiley & Sons. p. 232. ISBN 9781118811085.
    • Spano, Marie A.; Kruskall, Laura J.; Thomas, D. Travis (2017-08-30). Nutrition for Sport, Exercise, and Health. Human Kinetics. p. 240. ISBN 9781450414876.
    • Watson, Ronald Ross; Zibadi, Sherma (2012-11-28). Bioactive Dietary Factors and Plant Extracts in Dermatology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 75. ISBN 9781627031677.
    • Morris SM (Oct 2004). "Enzymes of arginine metabolism". (review). The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (10 Suppl): 2743S–2747S; discussion 2765S–2767S. doi:10.1093/jn/134.10.2743S. PMID 15465778.
    • Mauro, Claudio; Frezza, Christian (2015-07-13). The Metabolic Challenges of Immune Cells in Health and Disease. Frontiers Media SA. p. 17. ISBN 9782889196227.
    • Stechmiller JK, Childress B, Cowan L (Feb 2005). "Arginine supplementation and wound healing". (review). Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 20 (1): 52–61. doi:10.1177/011542650502000152. PMID 16207646.
    • Witte MB, Barbul A (2003). "Arginine physiology and its implication for wound healing". (review). Wound Repair and Regeneration. 11 (6): 419–23. doi:10.1046/j.1524-475X.2003.11605.x. PMID 14617280.
    • Andrew PJ, Mayer B (Aug 1999). "Enzymatic function of nitric oxide synthases". (review). Cardiovascular Research. 43 (3): 521–31. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00115-7. PMID 10690324.
    • Gokce N (Oct 2004). "L-arginine and hypertension". (review). The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (10 Suppl): 2807S–2811S; discussion 2818S–2819S. doi:10.1093/jn/134.10.2807S. PMID 15465790.
    • Rajapakse NW, De Miguel C, Das S, Mattson DL (Dec 2008). "Exogenous L-arginine ameliorates angiotensin II-induced hypertension and renal damage in rats". (primary). Hypertension. 52 (6): 1084–90. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.114298. PMC 2680209 Freely accessible. PMID 18981330.
    • Dong JY, Qin LQ, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Wang J, Arigoni F, Zhang W (Dec 2011). "Effect of oral L-arginine supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials". review. American Heart Journal. 162 (6): 959–965. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.09.012. PMID 22137067.
    • Mathews, Christopher K.,; Van Holde, Kensal Edward; Ahern, Kevin G. (2000). Biochemistry (3rd ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings. p. 180. ISBN 0805330666. OCLC 42290721.
    • Barnes, Michael R. (2007-04-16). Bioinformatics for Geneticists: A Bioinformatics Primer for the Analysis of Genetic Data. John Wiley & Sons. p. 326. ISBN 9780470026199.
    • Kleanthous, Colin (2000). Protein-protein Recognition. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780199637607.
    • Griffiths, John R.; Unwin, Richard D. (2016-10-12). Analysis of Protein Post-Translational Modifications by Mass Spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119250883.
    • Shao A, Hathcock JN (2008). "Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine". Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 50 (3): 376–399. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.004. PMID 18325648.
    • U.S. National Library of Medicine (September 2009 Growth hormone stimulation test
    • Alba-Roth J, Müller OA, Schopohl J, von Werder K (Dec 1988). "Arginine stimulates growth hormone secretion by suppressing endogenous somatostatin secretion". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 67 (6): 1186–9. doi:10.1210/jcem-67-6-1186. PMID 2903866.
    • Kanaley JA (2008). "Growth hormone, arginine and exercise". Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 11 (1): 50–4. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f2b0ad. PMID 18090659.
    • Forbes SC, Bell GJ (2011). "The acute effects of a low and high dose of oral L-arginine supplementation in young active males at rest". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 36 (3): 405–11. doi:10.1139/h11-035. PMID 21574873.
    • Gui S, Jia J, Niu X, Bai Y, Zou H, Deng J, Zhou R (Mar 2014). "Arginine supplementation for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy: a systematic review". (review). Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. 15 (1): 88–96. doi:10.1177/1470320313475910.
    • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24100601
    • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2903866
    • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300016
    • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19951554

Carnitine:

Creatine:

Cysteine:

    • Dr. Amy Yasko

Glutamine:

Glutathione:

Glycine:

Histidine:

    • http://prowl.rockefeller.edu/aainfo/solub.htm
    • "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
    • Kopple, J D; Swendseid, M E (1975). "Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 55 (5): 881–91. doi:10.1172/JCI108016. PMC 301830 Freely accessible. PMID 1123426.
    • Vickery, Hubert Bradford; Leavenworth, Charles S. (1928-08-01). "ON THE SEPARATION OF HISTIDINE AND ARGININE IV. THE PREPARATION OF HISTIDINE". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 78 (3): 627–635. ISSN 0021-9258.
    • Roberts, John D. (2000). ABCs of FT-NMR. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. pp. 258–9. ISBN 978-1-891389-18-4.
    • Mrozek, Agnieszka; Karolak-Wojciechowska, Janina; Kieć-Kononowicz, Katarzyna (2003). "Five-membered heterocycles. Part III. Aromaticity of 1,3-imidazole in 5+n hetero-bicyclic molecules". Journal of Molecular Structure. 655 (3): 397–403. Bibcode:2003JMoSt.655..397M. doi:10.1016/S0022-2860(03)00282-5.
    • Wang, Lijun; Sun, Na; Terzyan, Simon; Zhang, Xuejun; Benson, David R. (2006). "A Histidine/Tryptophan π-Stacking Interaction Stabilizes the Heme-Independent Folding Core of Microsomal Apocytochrome b5Relative to that of Mitochondrial Apocytochrome b5". Biochemistry. 45 (46): 13750–9. doi:10.1021/bi0615689. PMID 17105194.
    • Blessing, Robert H.; McGandy, Edward L. (1972). "Base stacking and hydrogen bonding in crystals of imidazolium dihydrogen orthophosphate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 94 (11): 4034–4035. doi:10.1021/ja00766a075.
    • Katoh, Ryuzi (2007). "Absorption Spectra of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids". Chemistry Letters. 36 (10): 1256–1257. doi:10.1246/cl.2007.1256.
    • A. Robert Goldfarb; Saidel, LJ; Mosovich, E (1951-11-01). "The Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Proteins". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193 (1): 397–404. PMID 14907727.
    • Ingle, Robert A. "Histidine Biosynthesis". The Arabidopsis Book. 9: e0141. doi:10.1199/tab.0141. PMC 3266711 Freely accessible. PMID 22303266.
    • Roche Biochemical Pathways Map Roche biochemical pathways map
    • Alifano, P; Fani, R; Liò, P; Lazcano, A; Bazzicalupo, M; Carlomagno, M S; Bruni, C B (1996-03-01). "Histidine biosynthetic pathway and genes: structure, regulation, and evolution". Microbiological Reviews. 60 (1): 44–69. ISSN 0146-0749. PMC 239417 Freely accessible. PMID 8852895.
    • Kulis-Horn, Robert K; Persicke, Marcus; Kalinowski, Jörn (2014-01-01). "Histidine biosynthesis, its regulation and biotechnological application in Corynebacterium glutamicum". Microbial Biotechnology. 7 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.12055. ISSN 1751-7915. PMC 3896937 Freely accessible. PMID 23617600.
    • Adams, E. (1955-11-01). "L-Histidinal, a biosynthetic precursor of histidine". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 217 (1): 325–344. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 13271397.
    • "Understanding Genetics". genetics.thetech.org. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
    • Stepansky, A.; Leustek, T. (2006-03-01). "Histidine biosynthesis in plants". Amino Acids. 30 (2): 127–142. doi:10.1007/s00726-005-0247-0. ISSN 0939-4451. PMID 16547652.
    • Cheng, Yongsong; Zhou, Yunjiao; Yang, Lei; Zhang, Chenglin; Xu, Qingyang; Xie, Xixian; Chen, Ning (2013-05-01). "Modification of histidine biosynthesis pathway genes and the impact on production of L-histidine in Corynebacterium glutamicum". Biotechnology Letters. 35 (5): 735–741. doi:10.1007/s10529-013-1138-1. ISSN 1573-6776. PMID 23355034.
    • Board review series (BRS)-- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetics (fifth edition): Swanson, Kim, Glucksman
    • Coote, J. G.; Hassall, H. (1973-03-01). "The degradation of l-histidine, imidazolyl-l-lactate and imidazolylpropionate by Pseudomonas testosteroni". Biochemical Journal. 132 (3): 409–422. doi:10.1042/bj1320409. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1177604 Freely accessible. PMID 4146796.
    • Mehler, A. H.; Tabor, H. (1953-04-01). "Deamination of histidine to form urocanic acid in liver". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 201 (2): 775–784. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 13061415.
    • Andersen, Hjalte H.; Elberling, Jesper; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars (2015-09-01). "Human surrogate models of histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch". Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 95 (7): 771–777. doi:10.2340/00015555-2146. ISSN 1651-2057. PMID 26015312.
    • "3-Methylhistidine". HMDB Version 4.0. Human Metabolome Database. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
    • Derave, Wim; Everaert, Inge; Beeckman, Sam; Baguet, Audrey (2010-03-01). "Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training". Sports Medicine. 40 (3): 247–263. doi:10.2165/11530310-000000000-00000. hdl:1854/LU-897781. ISSN 1179-2035. PMID 20199122.
    • Fahey, Robert C. (2001). "Novelthiols Ofprokaryotes". Annual Review of Microbiology. 55: 333–56. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.333. PMID 11544359.
    • Institute of Medicine (2002). "Protein and Amino Acids". Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 589–768.
    • http://www.dcnutrition.com

Isoleucine:

Lysine:

    • Wikipedia

Phenylalanine:

Phosphatidylcholine:

Methionine: